The Economic Impact of Outdoor Recreation in Rural Community Transitions
Authors: Liam Funk & Michael J. Bradley
In many parts of the United States, especially in regions long tied to extractive industries, rural communities are undergoing significant economic transitions. As coal mining, logging, and related sectors decline, local leaders and residents are searching for sustainable alternatives that support economic resilience and long-term growth. One promising avenue is outdoor recreation. Outdoor recreation is more than leisure—it’s a powerful economic engine. In places like Central Appalachia, where economic challenges persist, recognizing and harnessing the value of outdoor recreation can help reshape local economies and foster a renewed sense of place.
From Mono-Economies to Diversified Growth
The Appalachian region, known for its breathtaking scenery and outdoor access, has historically relied on single-industry economies. Outdoor recreation, from hiking and paddling to rock climbing and trail running, offers a path forward. Events such as Rocktoberfest not only celebrate outdoor culture but also attract thousands of visitors, infusing local economies with revenue from lodging, food, gas, and retail. This influx of spending supports local businesses, creates jobs, and encourages the growth of service-oriented sectors—all without extracting from the land. For communities once dependent on non-renewable resources, this represents a shift toward sustainable, place-based economic development.
Case in Point: Red River Gorge, Kentucky
Once heavily reliant on extractive industries, the Red River Gorge area has experienced a significant economic transformation. Events like Rocktoberfest draw climbers from across the country, contributing millions in visitor spending. Research has shown that climbers in the region support local restaurants, lodging, and gear shops—helping sustain small businesses and create recreation-linked jobs (Maples & Bradley, 2021).
Another Example: Hatfield–McCoy Trails, West Virginia
In southern West Virginia, a network of ATV trails has injected over $68 million into local economies. Former coal towns are now seeing visitors return, not for mining jobs, but for outdoor adventure and trail tourism—demonstrating the potential for off-road recreation to serve as a durable economic strategy.
Demographics That Drive Investment
Recreation enthusiasts often bring more than their gear—they bring economic potential. Many are college-educated and have disposable income, which can stimulate demand for higher-quality services and amenities. This demographic profile is especially attractive to communities seeking to raise their visibility, improve infrastructure, and invest in long-term development. Understanding these trends allows rural leaders to plan intentionally—ensuring that investments in recreation infrastructure lead to inclusive and locally beneficial outcomes.
Case Study: Bentonville, Arkansas
The development of mountain bike trail systems in Bentonville has catalyzed economic and cultural shifts. The city’s investment in world-class trail infrastructure has not only attracted recreational visitors but also new residents and entrepreneurs. Bentonville’s transformation into an outdoor recreation hub has supported the growth of new businesses, enhanced public amenities, and fueled outdoor-focused educational programs—helping redefine the local economy in the process.
Balancing Access and Stewardship
As recreation use increases, communities and public land managers must consider the balance between access and conservation. More visitors can mean greater wear on trails, natural resources, and community infrastructure. Policies that emphasize responsible use, community engagement, and environmental education are essential for ensuring that outdoor recreation remains a long-term success.
Example: Asheville, North Carolina
Asheville’s redevelopment of its riverfront into greenways and park space, guided by the Wilma Dykeman RiverWay Plan, serves as a national model for balancing environmental stewardship with economic revitalization. This effort has enhanced recreational opportunities while improving environmental health, boosting property values, and fostering community pride. Collaborative planning—among agencies, nonprofits, landowners, and residents—can result in smart growth strategies that protect what makes rural areas special.
Looking Ahead: Policy and Practice
Intentional economic development tied to outdoor recreation can yield substantial benefits—but it must be paired with thoughtful planning and public policy.
Illustration: Fayetteville, West Virginia
Following the New River Gorge’s designation as a national park in 2020, the nearby town of Fayetteville experienced a surge in tourism. While the influx of visitors brought economic benefits, it also led to increased pressure on housing and infrastructure. The town’s experience underscores the importance of proactive planning to mitigate unintended consequences such as displacement or overuse. Fayetteville’s journey illustrates that while outdoor recreation offers opportunity, it also requires governance that is equitable, anticipatory, and community-centered.
Policymakers must take seriously the role outdoor recreation plays in regional development. Investing in trail systems, visitor infrastructure, public access to lands, and conservation partnerships is critical to building vibrant, resilient rural economies. Outdoor recreation is not a silver bullet, but it is a strategic opportunity. Communities that recognize and plan for its economic impact are better positioned for a sustainable future rooted in both people and place.
Additional Reading
Walton Family's Oz Brands galvanizes Arkansas' gravel scene
Park Views: Wilma Dykeman Greenway in Asheville, NC
A Small Town Feels the Impact of a New National Park
About the Authors
Liam Funk is a graduate student in Recreation and Park Administration at Eastern Kentucky University. He is passionate about heritage tourism, community development, and connecting people to place through intentional and inclusive storytelling. Mr. Funk's LinkedIn Profile
Michael J. Bradley, Ph.D. serves as the Dean of Research and Graduate Studies at Arkansas Tech University. His work focuses on outdoor recreation, community-based tourism, and sustainable economic development. His work emphasizes the role of trails, public lands, and place-based strategies in revitalizing rural communities. Bradley is especially passionate about connecting people to nature, supporting rural resilience, and advancing outdoor recreation as a tool for both education and economic transformation. Dr. Bradley's LinkedIn Profile